To be honest, I doubt there are any definitions that are both official and rigorously used. If there were, the F-105 and F-111 (at the very least) would have had to carry A for Attack designations. The UK system might be slightly better demarcated - hence the difference between a Hunter F.Mk.6 and a Hunter FGA.Mk.9, for example - but even then, many aircraft with F designations could usefully do air-to-ground work.

As for the missing ones in your list, I'd suggest:

Interceptor: fighter optimised for speed and rate of climb (as opposed to manouevring)

Strike fighter: a post-wat definition, really. Actually a bomber, optimised for either long-range interdiction or low-level delivery of nuclear weapons. The latter is, strictly speaking, the definition of the S role in the UK system, but was used by the RAF only when they took over the Buccaneer. The Tornado, with the same mission in its repertoire, remained a GR.

Hi there

I always thought "strike fighter" was one of the more polite nicknames for Maggie Thatcher!

All the best

Rowan

As promised here's the RAF reporting names used by the RAF that we taught to Cadets. Please note that in these ever changing times the RAF may have changed some of these and are no longer current.

AEW = AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING
B = BOMBER
C = TRANSPORT
E = ELECTRONIC/FLIGHT CHECKING
F = FIGHTER
FG = FIGHTER GROUND ATTACK
GR = GROUND ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE
HAR = HELICOPTER, AIR RESCUE
HAS = HELICOPTER, ANTI-SUBMARINE
HC = HELICOPTER, CARGO
HCC = HELICOPTER, CARGO and COMMS
HT = HELICOPTER, TRAINING
HU = HELICOPTER, UTILITY
K = TANKER
MR = MARITIME RECONNAISSANCE
R = RECONNAISSANCE
PR = PHOTOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE
S = STRIKE
T = TRAINER